SINDINGATHE KUFIKA PA SKYPE

Poyerekezera ndi mawindo a Windows, Linux ili ndi malamulo ena omwe amagwira ntchito mofulumira komanso mofulumira. Koma ngati choyambirira choyambirira timachitcha kuti ndizofunikira kapena kuti tichite kanthu kuchokera ku "Command Line" (cmd), kenaka m'dongosolo lachiwiri, zochita zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa othayimira. Zofunikira "Terminal" ndi "Lamulo la Lamulo" - ndi chinthu chomwecho.

Mndandanda wa malamulo mu "Terminal" Linux

Kwa iwo omwe adangoyamba kumene kudziwa momwe ntchito ya Linux ikuyendera, timapereka pansi pa zolembera za malamulo ofunika kwambiri omwe ali ofunika kwa aliyense wogwiritsa ntchito. Onani kuti zipangizo ndi zothandizira zimachokera "Terminal", ndizoyambe kuikidwa pazithunzi zonse za Linux ndipo sizikusowetsedwa.

Kugwiritsa ntchito mafayilo

Mu njira iliyonse yothandizira, munthu sangathe kuchita popanda kugwirizana ndi mafayilo osiyanasiyana a mafayilo. Ambiri ogwiritsira ntchito amagwiritsidwa ntchito kugwiritsa ntchito fayilo manager yemwe ali ndi chigoba chachinsinsi cha cholinga ichi. Koma zofanana zofanana, kapena ngakhale mndandanda waukulu wa iwo, zikhoza kuchitika pogwiritsa ntchito malamulo apadera.

ls - amakulolani kuti muwone zomwe zili m'ndandanda yogwira ntchito. Lili ndi njira ziwiri: -l - amasonyeza zomwe zili mkati mwake monga mndandanda ndi ndondomeko, -a - Amawonetsa maofesi omwe amabisika ndi dongosolo.

katchi - amasonyeza zomwe zili mu fayilo. Kwa chiwerengero cha mzere, njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito. -n .
cd - ankakonda kupita kuchokera kuzokambirana yogwira ntchito kupita ku zomwe zafotokozedwa. Pakayambitsidwa popanda zosankha zina, izo zimabwereranso kuzomwe zimayambira.
pwd - imatanthawuza kudziwa zamakono.
mkdir - kumapanga foda yatsopano muzolandila zamakono.
fayilo - amasonyeza zambiri zokhudza fayilo.

cp - ankafunika kutengera foda kapena fayilo. Powonjezera njira -r imaphatikizapo kukopera mobwerezabwereza. Zosankha -a imasunga zolemba zolemba pambali pa njira yapitayi.
mv - ankakonda kusuntha kapena kutchula foda / fayilo.
rm - kuchotsa fayilo kapena foda. Pogwiritsidwa ntchito popanda zosankha, kuchotsedwa kumakhala kosatha. Kuti mupite ku galeta, muyenera kulowapo -r.
ln - imapanga mgwirizano ku fayilo.
chmod - ufulu kusintha (kuwerenga, kulemba, kusintha ...). Zingagwiritsidwe ntchito payekha kwa aliyense wosuta.
chown - amakulolani kuti musinthe mwiniyo. Ipezeka yekha kwa SuperUser (Administrator).

Zindikirani: kuti mutenge ufulu wampamwamba (root-rights), muyenera kulowa "sudo su" (popanda ndemanga).

kupeza - yokonzekera kufufuza mafayilo m'dongosolo. Mosiyana ndi timu fufuzani, kufufuza kumachitika kusinthidwa.
dd - kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga makope a mafayilo ndikuwamasulira.
fufuzani - kufufuza zolemba ndi mafoda m'dongosolo. Ili ndi njira zambiri zomwe mungasinthe mosavuta kusaka kwanu.

phiri-umounth - ankagwiritsa ntchito ndi mafayilo machitidwe. Ndi chithandizo chake, dongosololi likhoza kusokonezedwa kapena kugwirizana. Kuti mugwiritse ntchito, muyenera kukhala ndi mizu.
du - amasonyeza chitsanzo cha mafayilo / mafoda. Zosankha -h amatembenuzidwira ku mawonekedwe owoneka -s - amawonetsa deta yofupikitsa, ndi -d - amaika kuya kwa ma recursions m'makalata.
df - kufufuza disk malo, kukuthandizani kuti mupeze kuchuluka kwa malo otsala ndi odzaza. Lili ndi njira zambiri zomwe zimakulolani kuti mupange deta yolandiridwa.

Gwiritsani ntchito malemba

Lowowamo "Terminal" malamulo omwe amagwirizana mwachindunji ndi mafayela posachedwapa ayenera kusintha kwa iwo. Malamulo otsatirawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito malemba:

zambiri - amakulolani kuti muwone malemba omwe sakugwirizana ndi malo ogwira ntchito. Popanda kutsegula, ntchito yamakono ikugwiritsidwa ntchito. zochepa.

grep - akufufuza malemba ndi chitsanzo.
mchira wamutu - lamulo loyambalo liri ndi udindo wa zotsatira za mizere yochepa yoyamba ya chiyambi (mutu), wachiwiri -
imasonyeza mzere wotsiriza mu chikalatacho. Mwachinsinsi, mizere 10 imasonyezedwa. Mukhoza kusintha nambala yawo pogwiritsa ntchito ntchitoyi -n ndi -f.
mtundu - ankagwiritsa ntchito kupanga mizere. Kuwerengera kusankha kumagwiritsidwa ntchito. -n, posankha kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi - -r.
zosiyana - kufanizitsa ndikuwonetseratu zosiyana m'malemba olemba (mzere ndi mzere).
wc - amawerengera mawu, zingwe, maofesi ndi zilembo.

Kusamalira njira

Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali kwa OS kumayambitsa kuyambika kwa machitidwe ambiri omwe angathe kuchepetsa ntchito yamakompyuta kuti asakhale omasuka kugwira nawo ntchito.

Izi zingatheke mosavuta pokwaniritsa njira zosafunikira. Pa Linux, malamulo awa akugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu izi:

ps pgrep - lamulo loyamba limasonyeza zonse zokhudza ntchito yogwira ntchito (ntchito "-i" ikuwonetsa njira imodzi), yachiwiri imawonetsa chidziwitso cha ndondomeko pambuyo poti wolembayo alowetsa dzina lake.

kupha - kutsirizitsa ndondomeko ya PID.
xkill - potsegula pawindo lazenera -
kumaliza.
pkill - kumathera ndondomekoyi ndi dzina lake.
killall imathetsa zonse zomwe zimagwira ntchito.
pamwamba, htop - ali ndi udindo wowonetsa njira ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito monga oyang'anitsa machitidwe. htop ndi yotchuka kwambiri masiku ano.
nthawi - amawonetsera deta "Terminal" pa nthawi ya ndondomekoyi.

Chilengedwe

Chiwerengero cha malamulo ofunikira akuphatikizapo omwe amakulolani kuti mugwirizane ndi zigawo zowonongeka, komanso kupanga ntchito zochepa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mugwire ntchito ndi kompyuta.

tsiku - amasonyeza tsiku ndi nthawi mu mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana (12 h, 24 h), malinga ndi kusankha.

alias - amakulolani kuti muchepetse lamulo kapena mutengere mawu ofanana nawo, perekani imodzi kapena mtsinje wa malamulo angapo.
uname - amapereka zambiri zokhudza dzina la ntchito.
sudo sudo su - yoyamba pulogalamuyi m'malo mwa mmodzi wa ogwiritsa ntchito dongosolo. Yachiwiri ili m'malo mwa Super User.
kugona - amachititsa makompyuta kukhala ogona.
kutseka - kutsegula makompyuta mwamsanga, kusankha -h ikulolani kuti muzimitse kompyuta yanu pa nthawi yokonzedweratu.
kubwezeretsanso - kubwezeretsanso kompyuta. Mukhozanso kukhazikitsa nthawi yowonjezeretsa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito njira yapadera.

Ntchito Yogwiritsa Ntchito

Pamene anthu oposa mmodzi amagwiritsira ntchito makompyuta omwewo, koma angapo, kulengedwa kwa ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri kungakhale njira yabwino kwambiri. Komabe, muyenera kudziwa malamulo oti agwirizane ndi aliyense wa iwo.

useradd, userdel, usermod - yonjezerani, yeretsani, sinthani akaunti yomasulira, motsatira.
passwd - amatanthauzira mawu achinsinsi. Kuthamanga monga Wophunzira Wamkulu (sudo su kumayambiriro kwa lamulo) amakulolani kuti mukhazikitsenso ma passwords a akaunti zonse.

Onani zolemba

Palibe wogwiritsa ntchito amatha kukumbukira tanthauzo la malamulo onse m'dongosolo kapena malo onse owonetsera pulogalamu, koma malamulo atatu osavuta kukumbukira akhoza kuwathandiza:

whereis - Akuwonetsa njira yopita ku maofesi omwe amachititsa.
mwamuna - amasonyeza chithandizo kapena kutsogolera gululo, amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malamulo omwe ali masamba omwewo.

whatis - Chifaniziro cha lamulo ili pamwambapa, koma likugwiritsidwa ntchito kusonyeza zigawo zothandizira.

Kusamalira makanema

Kuti muwetse intaneti ndikukwanitsa kupanga zosintha pa makonzedwe a makanema m'tsogolomu, muyenera kudziwa malamulo osachepera omwe amachititsa izi.

ip - kukhazikitsa mawonekedwe a makanema, kuyang'ana ma ports of IP kuti agwirizane. Powonjezera chikhumbo -show amasonyeza zinthu za mitunduyi monga mndandanda, ndi chikhumbo -help Zomwe zafotokozera zikuwonetsedwa.
ping - ma diagnostics a kugwirizana kwa magetsi (router, router, modem, etc.). Komanso amadziwitsa za khalidwe lakulankhulana.

zikopa - kupereka deta kwa wogwiritsa ntchito za kugwiritsira ntchito magalimoto. Ikani -i imayika mawonekedwe a intaneti.
tracerout - analoji ya gulu ping, koma mu mawonekedwe abwino kwambiri. Zimasonyeza kufulumira kwa kutumiza paketi ya deta ku nambala iliyonseyi ndipo imapereka chidziwitso chonse cha njira yonse ya kutumizira paketi.

Kutsiliza

Podziwa malamulo onse omwe ali pamwambawa, ngakhale wachinyamata yemwe wangoyamba kukhazikitsa dongosolo la Linux, adzatha kuyanjana bwinobwino, kuthetsa bwinobwino ntchitoyo. Poyang'ana koyamba zingamveke kuti mndandandawu ndi wovuta kwambiri kukumbukira, komabe, ndi kupha gulu nthawi zambiri, zikuluzikulu zidzakumbukira, ndipo simudzafunika kutchula malemba omwe timapatsidwa nthawi iliyonse.